{
  "node_id": "cartagena-protocol-on-biosafety-2003",
  "title": "Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2003)",
  "domain": "Agriculture & Agritech",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "last_updated": "2026-05-30",
  "bluf": "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is the global legally binding treaty governing the transboundary movement of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs, commonly called GMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology, with a focus on protecting biological diversity and human health. The Protocol establishes the Advance Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure for the first intentional transboundary movement of LMOs intended for environmental release (Articles 7-10), a separate procedure for LMOs intended for direct use as food, feed or processing (LMO-FFP; the relevant article), the Biosafety Clearing-House (Article 20) for sharing decisions and risk assessments, requirements for identification and documentation in shipments (Article 18), and the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress. Parties may impose stricter domestic measures consistent with the Protocol; non-Parties may import LMOs subject to bilateral agreements consistent with Protocol objectives.",
  "paywall": {
    "status": "LOCKED",
    "unlock_cost_usd": "0.01",
    "skyfire_id": "41779894-ece2-4163-9761-b3b1b76e19b0"
  },
  "crosswalks": {
    "_available_keys": [
      "cbd",
      "nagoya_kuala_lumpur",
      "wto_sps",
      "codex_biotech",
      "industry_mapping"
    ],
    "_note": "Full crosswalk values included in vault response"
  },
  "primary_citations_count": 7
}