{
  "node_id": "eu-avmsd-article-28a-28b-video-sharing-platform-minors-protection",
  "title": "EU AVMSD Articles 28a and 28b Video-Sharing Platform Obligations (2018/1808 Amendments to 2010/13/EU) - Jurisdiction, Protection of Minors, Age Verification, Parental Control, Rating, Flagging, Media Literacy, Children's Personal Data Restriction",
  "domain": "Cybersecurity",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "last_updated": "2026-06-03",
  "bluf": "Articles 28a and 28b of the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) - inserted by Directive (EU) 2018/1808 amending Directive 2010/13/EU and published in Official Journal L 303 of 28 November 2018 - establish the EU regulatory regime for video-sharing platforms (VSPs). Article 28a sets the jurisdictional test allocating each VSP to a single Member State based on establishment or parent/subsidiary location. Article 28b sets the substantive duty on VSP providers to take appropriate measures to protect (i) minors from content which may impair their physical, mental, or moral development; (ii) the general public from content containing incitement to violence or hatred and from public provocation to commit a terrorist offence, child sexual abuse material, and racist or xenophobic offences; (iii) the general public from audiovisual commercial communications that do not comply with the AVMSD advertising rules. Article 28b(3) lists ten measures VSP providers must consider implementing where appropriate to the size and nature of the service: (a) including in terms and conditions the prohibition of uploading the content categories listed in Article 28b(1); (b) including in terms and conditions the requirements on audiovisual commercial communications that are not marketed, sold, or arranged by the provider; (c) functionality for users to declare whether videos contain audiovisual commercial communications; (d) transparent and user-friendly mechanisms for users to flag or report content; (e) systems to assess the responses by VSP providers to user reports; (f) age verification systems for users of VSPs with content which may impair physical, mental, or moral development of minors; (g) easy-to-use systems allowing users to rate content; (h) parental control systems controlled by the end-user with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental, or moral development of minors; (i) transparent, easy-to-use and effective procedures for the handling and resolution of users' complaints; (j) effective media literacy measures and tools and user awareness about them. Article 28b(3) explicitly prohibits the personal data of minors collected or otherwise generated by VSP providers pursuant to the protective measures from being processed for commercial purposes such as direct marketing, profiling, and behaviourally targeted advertising. Implementation deadline for Member State transposition was 19 September 2020. The AVMSD operates alongside the Digital Services Act and the UK Online Safety Act in countries that subsequently left the EU.",
  "paywall": {
    "status": "LOCKED",
    "unlock_cost_usd": "0.01",
    "skyfire_id": "41779894-ece2-4163-9761-b3b1b76e19b0"
  },
  "crosswalks": {
    "_available_keys": [
      "framework_basis",
      "key_institutions",
      "article_28a_jurisdiction",
      "article_28b_substantive_duties",
      "article_28b_3_measures_list",
      "article_28b_proportionality",
      "article_28b_children_data_restriction",
      "article_28b_co_regulation_and_self_regulation",
      "transposition_deadline",
      "relationship_with_dsa_and_uk_osa",
      "industry_mapping"
    ],
    "_note": "Full crosswalk values included in vault response"
  },
  "dependencies": [
    "eu-avmsd-2018-1808-article-6a-minors-protection",
    "eu-dsa-article-28-online-protection-of-minors",
    "uk-ofcom-highly-effective-age-assurance-guidance-2025-osa-part-5",
    "ie-online-safety-and-media-regulation-act-2022",
    "fr-loi-sren-2024-449-age-verification-pornography"
  ],
  "primary_citations_count": 8
}