{
  "node_id": "iq-esig-law-2012",
  "title": "Iraq Electronic Signatures and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012 - Personal Data Provisions",
  "domain": "Cybersecurity",
  "version": "1.1.0",
  "last_updated": "2026-06-29",
  "bluf": "Iraq enacted the Electronic Signatures and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012, which includes provisions for the protection of personal data processed in connection with electronic transactions and digital communications. The law is administered by the Ministry of Communications (MoC) of Iraq, which licenses Certification Service Providers and issues implementing instructions. It establishes obligations for electronic service providers to protect the confidentiality of personal data transmitted or stored in electronic transactions, restricts unauthorised access to personal data in information systems, requires security measures for the protection of data integrity and confidentiality, and provides for penalties for unauthorised disclosure or misuse of personal data. The law represents Iraq's foundational digital governance framework with personal data protection elements for the electronic transactions sector.",
  "paywall": {
    "status": "LOCKED",
    "unlock_cost_usd": "0.01",
    "skyfire_id": "41779894-ece2-4163-9761-b3b1b76e19b0",
    "l402_paywall_url": "https://bidda.com/api/v1/vault/nodes/iq-esig-law-2012.json"
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  "crosswalks": {
    "_available_keys": [
      "gdpr_equivalent",
      "iso_standard",
      "nist_framework",
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    "_note": "Full crosswalk values included in vault response"
  },
  "dependencies": [
    "iso-27001-2022",
    "iso-27701-privacy-information-management"
  ],
  "primary_citations_count": 5
}