{
  "node_id": "un-montreal-protocol-1987-ozone-kigali-2016",
  "title": "Montreal Protocol 1987 & Kigali Amendment 2016 - Ozone-Depleting Substances & HFC Phase-Down",
  "domain": "Sustainability & ESG",
  "version": "1.0.1",
  "last_updated": "2026-04-30",
  "bluf": "The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987), which entered into force 1 January 1989 and now has 197 Parties (universal ratification), is the primary international treaty governing the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It achieved a 99% phaseout of ODS globally. The 2016 Kigali Amendment, in force 1 January 2019 (with 159 Parties), extends the Protocol's phaseout mechanism to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases with global warming potentials (GWPs) 12-14,000 times CO2. The Kigali Amendment will prevent up to 0.5°C of global warming by 2100. Under the Amendment, developed countries (Article 2 parties) must reduce HFC consumption to 15% of baseline by 2036. Developing countries (Article 5 parties) follow different schedules: Group 1 reduces to 20% of baseline by 2045, Group 2 (hot-climate states) reduces to 30% by 2047. The EU implements HFC controls through the F-Gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 (Phase 2 - stronger controls from 2024). Non-ODS HFCs and HCFC substitutes require annual reporting to the UNEP Ozone Secretariat.",
  "paywall": {
    "status": "LOCKED",
    "unlock_cost_usd": "0.01",
    "skyfire_id": "41779894-ece2-4163-9761-b3b1b76e19b0"
  },
  "crosswalks": {
    "_available_keys": [
      "iso",
      "nist",
      "gdpr",
      "sox",
      "hipaa",
      "pci_dss",
      "basel_iii",
      "fatf",
      "custom"
    ],
    "_note": "Full crosswalk values included in vault response"
  },
  "dependencies": [
    "eu-csrd-2022-2464",
    "un-cbd-kunming-montreal-gbf-2022",
    "eu-ets-directive-2003-87-emissions-trading-scheme"
  ],
  "primary_citations_count": 7
}