{
  "node_id": "un-refugee-convention-1951-protocol-1967-non-refoulement",
  "title": "UN Refugee Convention 1951 and Protocol 1967 - Refugee Definition, Non-Refoulement and Rights of Refugees",
  "domain": "Immigration & Border Control",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "last_updated": "2026-05-13",
  "bluf": "The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted in Geneva on 28 July 1951 and entered into force on 22 April 1954, together with its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (entered into force 4 October 1967), constitute the foundational international legal framework for the protection of refugees. Article 1A(2) defines a refugee as any person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality and unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country. The 1967 Protocol removed the 1951 Convention's temporal limitation (events occurring before 1 January 1951) and geographic limitation (events occurring in Europe), making the regime universal. Article 33(1) establishes the cornerstone principle of non-refoulement: no Contracting State shall expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where their life or freedom would be threatened on account of the protected grounds. The Convention has 149 States Parties; the 1967 Protocol has 147 States Parties (as of 2024). UNHCR is the international guardian under Article 35 of the Convention.",
  "paywall": {
    "status": "LOCKED",
    "unlock_cost_usd": "0.01",
    "skyfire_id": "41779894-ece2-4163-9761-b3b1b76e19b0"
  },
  "crosswalks": {
    "_available_keys": [
      "industry_mapping",
      "related_frameworks"
    ],
    "_note": "Full crosswalk values included in vault response"
  },
  "dependencies": [
    "germany-residence-act-aufenthaltsgesetz-2004-bamf",
    "canada-irpa-immigration-refugee-protection-act-2001"
  ],
  "primary_citations_count": 7
}