{
  "node_id": "unesco-recommendation-ethics-neurotechnology-2025",
  "title": "UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology (2025)",
  "domain": "AI Governance & Law",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "last_updated": "2025-11-01",
  "bluf": "The UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology was adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization at its 43rd session in November 2025 as the first global normative framework for the ethics of neurotechnology. The Recommendation builds on the 2021 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and the OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology (2019). It applies to all stages of the neurotechnology lifecycle from research and development through deployment and end-of-life, covering both medical and non-medical neurotechnologies including consumer brain-computer interfaces, neuroimaging, neuromodulation, and neuroprosthetics.\n\nThe Recommendation sets out core values (respect for human dignity and human rights; promotion of mental integrity and cognitive liberty; non-maleficence and well-being; equity, fairness and non-discrimination; sustainability) and principles (proportionality and do-no-harm; safety and security; transparency and explainability; responsibility and accountability; multi-stakeholder governance and adaptive regulation). Policy areas include neurotechnology research ethics, informed consent for neural data, neural privacy and mental integrity, regulation of consumer neurotechnology, education and digital literacy, and international cooperation. Member States are expected to apply the Recommendation through national legislation, regulatory measures, and policies and to report periodically to UNESCO on implementation. The Recommendation is non-binding but creates strong international expectation and serves as a baseline for emerging national neurotechnology law including the Chilean constitutional neurorights amendment, the Colorado neural data privacy law, and similar emerging frameworks.",
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  "crosswalks": {
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  "dependencies": [
    "oecd-ai-principles-2019-2024-update-trustworthy-ai",
    "chile-ley-21383-2021-neurorights-constitutional-amendment"
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  "primary_citations_count": 7
}