What Kyoto Protocol 1997 - Binding GHG Emission Reduction Targets & Flexible Mechanisms requires
The Kyoto Protocol, adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16 February 2005, is the first binding international treaty to impose quantified greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments on developed country Parties (Annex B). It operates as a Protocol to the UNFCCC (Article 17) and has 192 Parties, though the United States never ratified and Canada withdrew in 2011. The Protocol established the principle of binding QELROs (Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction Objectives) for Annex B Parties: in the first commitment period (2008-2012) an average 5.2% below 1990 levels. The Doha Amendment (2012) extended the Protocol to a second commitment period (2013-2020, 18% below 1990 levels average), though the amendment has not entered into force due to insufficient ratifications. The Protocol created three 'flexible mechanisms': Emissions Trading (ET, Article 17 - trade of Assigned Amount Units between Annex B Parties), Joint Implementation (JI, Article 6 - Annex I to Annex I emission reduction unit transfers from projects), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM, Article 12 - Annex I investments in non-Annex I countries generate Certified Emission Reductions). The CDM generated over 8,700 registered projects and 2 billion CERs. The Protocol's 6 controlled GHGs are: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 (NF3 added in Doha Amendment). Article 3(3) and 3(4) include Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) accounting. The Kyoto Protocol has been largely superseded by the Paris Agreement (2015) for post-2020 commitments but remains the legal framework for CDM transition to the Paris Agreement Article 6.4 Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM).
Pillar: Sustainability & ESG · Authority: United Nations - UNFCCC Secretariat (Bonn, Germany) · Version: 1.0.1 · Last updated:
Primary source: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
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Primary Citations — 7 traced to source
- https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
- https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf
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