What Antarctic Treaty 1959 - Peaceful Purposes, Scientific Cooperation and Territorial Claims Freeze (with 1991 Madrid Protocol) requires
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington DC on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961. It is the foundational instrument of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) governing the area south of 60 degrees South latitude. Article 1 establishes Antarctica for peaceful purposes only, prohibiting any measures of military nature including establishment of military bases, military manoeuvres, weapons testing, and (under Article 5) nuclear explosions and disposal of radioactive waste. Article 2 maintains freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation. Article 3 requires exchange of information regarding plans for scientific programmes, exchange of scientific personnel, and exchange of scientific observations and results. Article 4 establishes the territorial claims freeze: neither asserting nor recognising claims; no new claims; no enlargement of existing claims. Article 7 establishes inspection rights enabling Consultative Parties to designate observers with complete freedom of access to all areas, ships, aircraft and stations of any Treaty Party. The Treaty is supplemented by the Madrid Protocol 1991 (Protocol on Environmental Protection, in force 1998) designating Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science and prohibiting mineral resource activities except scientific research. Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) 1980 manages marine resources.
Pillar: Aviation, Defense & Quantum · Authority: Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (Buenos Aires); Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) annual; Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) under Madrid Protocol; Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP); Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) · Version: 1.0.0 · Last updated:
Primary source: https://www.ats.aq/e/antarctictreaty.html
SHA-256 integrity: 69b27e93d6b986097c48ea441ff83db3c814f6763cc1819059b2ac94d9ac1dc6
Primary Citations — 7 traced to source
- Antarctic Treaty, signed Washington DC 1 December 1959, entered into force 23 June 1961; 402 UNTS 71 - establishes peaceful purposes obligation, freedom of scientific investigation, information exchange, territorial claims freeze, nuclear explosions prohibition, inspection rights, and Consultative Meeting framework
- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol), signed Madrid 4 October 1991, entered into force 14 January 1998; 30 ILM 1455 - designates Antarctica as natural reserve, prohibits mineral resource activities, establishes Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP)
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