What CMR Convention 1956 - Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road requires
The CMR Convention (1956 - 58 Contracting States as of 2025) governs all contracts for the international carriage of goods by road for reward between two Contracting States (Article 1), mandatorily applying where loading or unloading is in a Contracting State regardless of parties' choice of law; the CMR consignment note is the primary contract evidence (Article 4-5), the carrier has strict liability for loss, damage, or delay (Article 17) subject to limited defences (inherent vice, acts of sender/consignee, war, public authority), and liability is capped at 8.33 SDR per kilogram of gross weight of goods lost (Article 23); the CMR e-note (e-CMR) under the 2008 Additional Protocol is increasingly used for digitised road transport; 2-year limitation period for all claims (Article 32); jurisdiction in carrier's state, claimant's state, or agreed forum (Article 31) - freight forwarders, carriers, shippers, and insurance underwriters must incorporate CMR provisions in carrier contracts as they override contractual liability limitations.
Pillar: Logistics & Supply Chain · Authority: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) - Inland Transport Committee; depositary: United Nations Secretary-General · Version: 1.0.0 · Last updated:
Primary source: https://unece.org/transport/road-transport/cmr-convention-and-protocol-electronic-consignment-note
SHA-256 integrity: e128e4c333fa0f48287cc0ad0eae69f01881dc46040397b3d757f1bb9b9317cb
Primary Citations — 7 traced to source
- {"title":"Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) - Geneva, 19 May 1956","url":"https://unece.org/transport/road-transport/cmr-convention-and-protocol-electronic-consignment-note","articles":["Article 1 (scope - international road carriage for reward)","Article 4 (consignment note - evidence of contract)","Article 6 (mandatory particulars of consignment note)","Article 8 (carrier's check of goods and reservations)","Article 9 (evidentiary value of consignment note)","Article 12 (right of disposal)","Article 17 (carrier liability - loss, damage, delay; defences)","Article 18 (burden of proof)","Article 23 (calculation of compensation - 8.33 SDR/kg cap)","Article 24 (declared value - override cap)","Article 26 (special interest in delivery)","Article 29 (wilful misconduct - cap broken)","Article 30 (claims - time limits for complaint)","Article 31 (jurisdiction)","Article 32 (limitation - 2 years/3 years)","Article 34-37 (successive carriers)","Article 41 (void derogations)"]}
- {"title":"Additional Protocol to CMR concerning the Electronic Consignment Note (e-CMR) - Geneva, 20 February 2008","url":"https://unece.org/transport/road-transport/cmr-convention-and-protocol-electronic-consignment-note","articles":["Article 1 (definitions - electronic consignment note, electronic procedure)","Article 2 (application of e-CMR - parties must agree in writing)","Article 3 (same legal effect as paper CMR note)","Article 4 (requirements for e-CMR system - authentication, integrity, availability)","Article 5 (electronic signatures)","Article 6 (transport documents - e-CMR may replace all paper references in CMR Convention)"]}
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