What Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 9 - Harmful Contamination Prevention, Adverse Environmental Changes, and Consultation Obligation requires
Article 9 of the OST requires States to conduct space exploration so as to avoid harmful contamination of outer space and celestial bodies, and adverse changes in Earth's environment from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter. States must adopt appropriate measures to prevent these harms and shall consult other States before proceeding with activities likely to cause harmful interference with their space activities. The consultation obligation is both a procedural requirement (request triggers consultation duty) and a substantive one (activities causing actual harmful interference are prohibited). COSPAR's Planetary Protection Policy implements Article 9's contamination obligations for scientific missions.
Pillar: Space & Satellite Law · Authority: UN Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) · Version: 1.0.0 · Last updated:
Primary source: https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html
SHA-256 integrity: e1b257cb9d0636e72ea1d14bba72a101dc27727741907fe4e0429aaa711157ca
Primary Citations — 5 traced to source
- Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article IX: States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose.
- Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article IX: If a State Party to the Treaty has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by it or its nationals in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities of other States Parties in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, it shall undertake appropriate international consultations before proceeding with any such activity or experiment.
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