Space & Satellite Law — 116 Nodes
- 14 CFR Part 401 - FAA Commercial Space Transportation: Organization and Definitions
Every party operating under the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation regime - applicants for launch and reentry licences under 14 CFR Parts 415, 417, 431, 435, 437, 450, and the human spaceflight regime in 14… - 14 CFR Part 450 - FAA Commercial Space Launch and Reentry Vehicle Operator License
14 CFR Part 450 establishes the single, performance-based vehicle operator license under which the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration authorizes commercial launch and reentry operations. An operator must obtain a… - 14 CFR Part 460 - Human Space Flight Requirements
This regulation establishes safety and training requirements for crew, space flight participants, and government astronauts involved in commercial human space flight operations under an FAA license or permit. Key… - 15 CFR Part 960 - NOAA Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems
15 CFR Part 960 governs the licensing of private remote sensing space systems by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A person subject to U.S. jurisdiction must obtain a license from NOAA before… - 47 CFR Part 25 - Satellite Communications
Organizations must obtain specific station authorizations from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) before constructing, deploying, or operating satellite space stations or earth stations. - 47 CFR Part 25 - Satellite Communications (FCC)
FCC 47 CFR Part 25 governs satellite communications, requiring a station authorization for space stations and earth stations, meeting citizenship and application requirements, filing space station and earth station… - Act on Compensation for Damage Caused by Space Objects (Act No. 8714, 2007)
The Republic of Korea's Act on Compensation for Damage Caused by Space Objects prescribes the scope of compensation for space damage and the limitation of liability (Article 1). A person launching a space object must… - Act on Ensuring Appropriate Handling of Satellite Remote Sensing Data (Act No. 77 of 2016)
Japan's Act on Ensuring Appropriate Handling of Satellite Remote Sensing Data regulates the use of satellite remote sensing instruments and the handling of the resulting data. A person who intends to use a satellite… - Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
This regulation establishes that the Moon and other celestial bodies are the common heritage of mankind, prohibits national appropriation, and mandates the creation of an international regime to govern the exploitation… - Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space
This regulation requires all Contracting Parties to render immediate assistance to astronauts in distress, promptly return them to the launching authority, and return any space objects found. It applies to all states… - Argentina CONAE Space Activities Framework - National Space Agency and Licensing (1991)
Argentina's national space activities framework, established by Executive Decree 995/1991 and subsequent implementing decrees, created the Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE) as the sole national agency… - Artemis Accords 2020 - NASA Bilateral Agreements: Peaceful Purposes, Transparency, Interoperability, Emergency Assistance, Registration, Release of Scientific Data, Preservation of Heritage Sites, Space Resources Extraction (Article 10), Deconfliction of Activities and Implementation
The Artemis Accords establish a framework for international cooperation in civil space exploration, requiring participating nations to commit to peaceful purposes, transparency, interoperability, emergency assistance,… - Artemis Accords 2020 - Principles for Cooperative Civil Space Exploration
The Artemis Accords are a set of bilateral agreements between the United States (acting through NASA) and individual partner nations, first established on 13 October 2020 with eight founding signatories. As of April… - Australian Space Activities Act 1998 - Launch Permit Requirements, Operator Authorisation, and Third Party Liability Framework
The Space Activities Act 1998 (Cth) (SAA) regulates Australian space launch activities and the activities of Australian nationals conducting space operations overseas. The Act requires launch operators to obtain a… - Austria Space Activities Act 2011 (Weltraumgesetz) - Austrian National Space Regulatory Framework
Austria's Space Activities Act (Bundesgesetz über Tätigkeiten im Weltraum - Weltraumgesetz, BGBl. I Nr. 132/2011) entered into force on 28 December 2011 and established a licensing regime for space activities conducted… - Azerbaijan Law No. 927-VIQ on Space Activity (2023)
Azerbaijan's Law on Space Activity governs space activity carried out through space objects registered in the State Registry of space objects of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Title and other property rights over space… - Basic Space Act (Act No. 43 of 2008)
Japan's Basic Space Act sets the framework for the nation's space development and use. Outer space development and use must be conducted in accordance with treaties and other international agreements concerning outer… - Belgium Space Activities Act 2005 - Wet van 17 September 2005 Betreffende de Activiteiten die Betrekking Hebben op de Ruimtevaart
The Belgian Law of 17 September 2005 on Activities Related to Space (Wet van 17 september 2005 betreffende de activiteiten die betrekking hebben op de ruimtevaart, published in Belgisch Staatsblad on 5 October 2005) is… - Brazil ANATEL Satellite Licensing Regulations (Resolution 704/2018) - Brazilian Satellite Communications Regulatory Framework
Brazil's satellite communications regulatory framework is administered by ANATEL (Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações - National Telecommunications Agency) under the General Telecommunications Act (Lei Geral de… - Brazil Space Agency Act 8854/1994 - Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB) Mandate and Launch Authorization Framework
Brazil's Law No. 8854 of 10 February 1994 established the Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB - Brazilian Space Agency) as the central authority for Brazil's national space activities, implementing the Brazilian Complete… - Canada Space Agency Act 1990 (SC 1990, c. 13) - Canadian Space Policy and Regulatory Framework
The Space Agency Act (SC 1990, c. 13) established the Canadian Space Agency (CSA / Agence spatiale canadienne) as the federal institution responsible for Canada's civil space programme, including astronaut training,… - Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, as Amended by the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (Title IV of H.R. 2262, 114th Congress)
This regulation establishes licensing requirements for commercial launch, reentry, and operation of launch sites by private entities in the United States, administered by the FAA's Office of Commercial Space… - Convention for the establishment of a European Space Agency (CSE/CS(73)19, rev.7)
This regulation establishes the European Space Agency and governs Member State contributions to mandatory and optional programmes, the structure of the Ministerial Council, industrial policy including the geographical… - Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects
This regulation establishes absolute liability for damage caused by space objects on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft in flight, and fault-based liability for damage caused elsewhere in space. It applies to all… - Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space
This regulation requires each launching State to maintain a national registry of space objects it launches and to provide specific data to the United Nations Secretary-General for entry into the UN Register. It applies… - COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy 2021 - Mission Category Bioburden Requirements
COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy (2021 revision) classifies all solar system missions into five protection categories based on contamination risk. Categories I-II (flyby, orbiters of low-risk bodies) require… - Czech Republic Space Activities Act 189/2023 Sb. - National Space Licensing
Czech Republic Act No. 189/2023 Sb. on Space Activities establishes the Czech Space Office (CSO) as national licensing authority for space activities, introduces a mandatory permit regime for satellite operations and… - Denmark Space Activities Act 2016 - Lov nr. 1400 af 27. November 2016 om Rumaktiviteter
The Danish Space Activities Act (Lov om rumaktiviteter, Lov nr. 1400 af 27. november 2016) establishes Denmark's national legal framework for the licensing, supervision, and registration of space activities conducted by… - DoD Instruction 3100.12, Space Support: Space Force Roles in Space Domain Awareness, Satellite Command and Control, Offensive and Defensive Space Control, and Transfer of Authorities from Air Force to USSF Components, Including Assignment to USINDOPACOM and Space Superiority Operations
This regulation establishes the roles, responsibilities, and operational authorities of the United States Space Force (USSF) in space support operations, including Space Domain Awareness (SDA), satellite command and… - ECSS-U-AS-10C Space Debris Mitigation Requirements - ESA/European Standard
ECSS-U-AS-10C (European Cooperation for Space Standardization, 2022) is the mandatory ESA debris mitigation standard adopted for all ESA-procured missions, implementing IADC and COPUOS guidelines. Key requirements:… - ESA Space Debris Mitigation Policy and Requirements (ESSB-ST-U-007)
The European Space Agency Space Debris Mitigation Policy and Requirements is an ESA Standardisation Board Standard (ESSB-ST-U-007 Issue 1) issued on 28 March 2023 and applies to all new ESA projects starting at Phase A… - EU Space Programme Regulation (EU) 2021/696, Article 10: Warranty
The European Commission must ensure users are informed that services, data, and information from the Union Space Programme's components are provided without any warranty as to their quality, accuracy, availability,… - EU Space Programme Regulation 2021/696 - Galileo PRS Access, Copernicus Data Policy, and EU Space Agency Governance
Regulation (EU) 2021/696 (EU Space Programme Regulation) establishes the governance, funding, and operational framework for EU space programmes including Galileo (European GNSS), Copernicus (Earth observation), EGNOS… - EU Space Regulation 2021/696 - EU Space Programme, Galileo Encryption, and Copernicus Data Access Rules
Regulation (EU) 2021/696 establishes the EU Space Programme covering Galileo (navigation), Copernicus (earth observation), EGNOS, SST, and Govsatcom, setting security requirements for Galileo Public Regulated Service… - EU Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) Framework Decision 541/2014/EU
EU member states with SST sensors or space object data join the EU SST Consortium to pool collision avoidance, re-entry prediction, and fragmentation event warnings for EU satellite operators. Under the EU Space… - European Space Agency Zero Debris Charter (2023)
The European Space Agency Zero Debris Charter is a voluntary multi-stakeholder commitment launched on 22 June 2023 at the Paris Air Show. The Charter sets out the ambition of being debris neutral in space by 2030 and is… - FAA 14 CFR Part 450 - Launch and Reentry Vehicle Operations
14 CFR Part 450 establishes the FAA's unified licensing and safety framework for commercial launch and reentry operations, requiring vehicle operators to obtain a mission-specific or operator licence, conduct… - FCC 47 CFR Part 25 - Satellite Communications
This regulation establishes licensing, technical, and operational requirements for satellite communications systems in the United States, including geostationary (GSO) and non-geostationary (NGSO) satellite networks. It… - Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 on Regulating the Use of Outer Space Activities in the United Arab Emirates
This law establishes a legal framework for all space activities conducted by UAE entities or from UAE territory, requiring licensing from the UAE Space Agency, mandatory insurance coverage, registration of space objects… - Finland Space Activities Act 2018 (Laki avaruustoiminnasta 273/2018) - Finnish National Space Regulatory Framework
Finland's Act on Space Activities (Laki avaruustoiminnasta, 273/2018) entered into force on 17 April 2018 and applies to space activities conducted by Finnish legal persons or from Finnish territory. The Act requires a… - Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
The COPUOS Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities provide 21 voluntary measures to ensure the safe and sustainable use of outer space, focusing on space debris mitigation (including… - IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines 2007 (Revised 2021)
This regulation establishes international best practices for mitigating space debris, requiring post-mission disposal of spacecraft from LEO within 25 years, re-orbiting of GEO satellites to a graveyard orbit 300 km… - India National Space Policy 2023 - IN-SPACe Regulatory Framework
India's National Space Policy 2023 (released April 2023) transforms India's space sector by enabling non-government entities (NGEs) to independently design, build, launch, and operate satellites and launch vehicles.… - India Space Policy 2023 - National Framework for Space Activities
India's Space Policy 2023 (approved April 6, 2023) is the Government of India's overarching framework for civilian space activities; it defines roles for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), NewSpace India… - International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement 1998 (IGA) - Legal Framework for ISS Operations
The Agreement Among the Government of Canada, Governments of Member States of the European Space Agency, the Government of Japan, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the United States of… - Italy Space Economy Framework Law (Legge 89/2025)
Italy's Space Economy Framework Law (Legge 13 giugno 2025, n. 89) was published in the Italian Official Gazette (Gazzetta Ufficiale) on 25 June 2025 (GU n. 146) and entered into force on the same date. The law… - ITU Radio Regulations 2024 Edition WRC-23 Outcomes Spectrum Allocation Coordination of Geostationary and Non-Geostationary Satellite Networks and Interference Resolution
The International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations 2024 Edition incorporates outcomes of the World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 entering into force on 1 January 2025 as a binding international treaty… - Japan Act on Launching of Spacecraft and Control of Spacecraft 2016 (Space Activities Act)
Japan's Space Activities Act (Act No. 76, 2016), in force November 2018, establishes a licensing regime for commercial satellite launches and spacecraft control operations from Japan, imposes strict third-party… - Japan Act on Promotion of Business Activities Related to Exploration and Development of Space Resources (2021)
Japan's Act on Promotion of Business Activities Related to Exploration and Development of Space Resources (Act No. 83 of 2021), commonly known as the Space Resources Act, came into force on 23 December 2021 and provides… - Kazakhstan Law on Space Activities 2012 - KazCosmos National Space Framework
Kazakhstan's Law on Space Activities (6 January 2012, No. 528-IV) establishes the legal framework for space operations from Baikonur Cosmodrome administered under the Russia-Kazakhstan Agreement, requiring KazCosmos… - Kenya Space Agency - Science, Technology and Innovation Act 2013 (No. 28) and KSA Mandate
Kenya's Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Act No. 28 of 2013 established the legal framework for Kenya's science institutions including the Kenya Space Agency (KSA), operationalized through Legal Notice No. 14 of… - Liability Convention 1972 - Claims Procedure, Compensation Determination, and Claims Commission Framework for Space Object Damage
The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (1972) establishes the procedural framework for international claims arising from space object damage. It provides for absolute liability for… - Loi n° 2008-518 du 3 juin 2008 relative aux opérations spatiales
The France Space Operations Act 2008 (Loi 2008-518) establishes a legal framework for authorizing and supervising all space operations launched from French territory or by French operators abroad, including launch,… - Luxembourg Law on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources 2017 (Loi du 20 juillet 2017)
Luxembourg's Law of 20 July 2017 was the first European national law to recognise private operators' right to own and commercially exploit space resources extracted from asteroids, the Moon, or other celestial bodies,… - Mexico Space Activities Regulatory Status - Agencia Espacial Mexicana (Ley que crea la AEM, DOF 30 July 2010), IFT Spectrum Coordination and UN Space Treaty Obligations
Mexico has NOT enacted a dedicated comprehensive 'Ley de Actividades Espaciales' (there is no such law published in the DOF on 1 December 2021). The only enacted federal space statute is the Ley que crea la Agencia… - National Space Research and Development Agency Act 2010 (Act No. 9 of 2010)
The National Space Research and Development Agency Act 2010 establishes the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) as a body corporate (Section 1) and establishes the National Space Council, chaired by… - Netherlands Space Activities Act 2007 (Wet ruimtevaart) - Dutch Commercial Space Regulatory Framework
The Netherlands Space Activities Act (Wet ruimtevaart, Act of 24 January 2007, Staatsblad 2007, 97) applies to space activities carried out by Dutch legal persons or organisations registered in the Netherlands and to… - New Zealand Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act 2017
New Zealand's Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act 2017 regulates commercial launches and spacecraft operations from New Zealand, providing the legal framework under which Rocket Lab became the first private… - New Zealand Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act 2017 - Launch Licence and Operator Permit Framework
New Zealand's Outer Space and High-altitude Activities Act 2017 (No. 29 of 2017), administered by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE), established the first domestic legal framework for commercial… - NOAA CSRSA - Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs (15 CFR Part 960)
NOAA's Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs (CSRSA) program under the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 and 15 CFR Part 960 (as updated by the 2018 SPACE Act and 2020 final rule) is the US federal licensing… - Norway Space Activities Act 2021 (Lov om norsk romvirksomhet) - Norwegian Commercial Space Regulatory Framework
Norway's Act on Norwegian Space Activities (Lov om norsk romvirksomhet, LOV-2021-06-11-84) entered into force on 1 January 2022 and established a comprehensive licensing regime for commercial space activities under… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 - Non-Appropriation, Liability & Governance Framework
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (OST 1967) establishes the foundational international legal framework for space activities. Article II prohibits… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 1 - Freedom of Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Benefit of All Countries
Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty (OST) establishes that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, regardless of their degree of economic or… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 2 - Non-Appropriation Principle: No National Claims to Sovereignty Over Celestial Bodies
Article 2 of the OST prohibits national appropriation of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. This non-appropriation… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 4 - Prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction in Outer Space and Peaceful Use of Celestial Bodies
Article 4 of the OST prohibits States from placing nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit around Earth, on celestial bodies, or stationing them in outer space in any other manner. The moon and… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 7 - State Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects on Earth or in Space
Article 7 of the OST establishes that each State Party that launches, procures the launching of, or from whose territory or facility a space object is launched, is internationally liable for damage caused by that space… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 8 - State Registry and Jurisdiction Over Space Objects and Personnel
Article 8 of the OST establishes that a State Party on whose registry a space object is carried retains jurisdiction and control over that object and any personnel on board, whether in outer space or on a celestial… - Outer Space Treaty 1967 Article 9 - Harmful Contamination Prevention, Adverse Environmental Changes, and Consultation Obligation
Article 9 of the OST requires States to conduct space exploration so as to avoid harmful contamination of outer space and celestial bodies, and adverse changes in Earth's environment from the introduction of… - Philippine Space Act (RA 11363)
Republic Act No. 11363 establishes the Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy around six Key Development Areas (Section 5), creates the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) as the central government agency for… - Poland Space Activities Act 2017 (Ustawa o Działalności Kosmicznej)
Poland's Space Activities Act 2017 establishes a national licensing regime for space activities including satellite operations and launch services, designating the Polish Space Agency (POLSA) as the national supervisory… - Portugal Space Activities Law 2019 - Decreto-Lei n.º 16/2019 National Licensing Framework
Decreto-Lei n.º 16/2019 of 22 January 2019, published in Diário da República, 1.ª série, n.º 17, establishes Portugal's national legal framework for space activities, creating a licensing and authorisation regime for… - Registration Convention 1975 - National Registry Requirements, UN Registration, and Space Object Identification
The Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1975) operationalizes OST Article 8 by requiring States to maintain national registries of space objects and furnish registration information to the… - REGULATION (EU) 2021/696 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme - Article 31 Galileo services
This article establishes the four official Galileo services (Open Service, High-Accuracy Service, Signal Authentication Service, and Public Regulated Service) and defines their core characteristics, accessibility, and… - Regulation (EU) 2021/696 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme, Article 91: Security Committee
This article mandates the establishment of a Security Committee to assist the Commission in ensuring a harmonised and consistent approach to the security of the Union Space Programme, defining its composition, tasks,… - Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the Union Space Programme, Article 96
This article establishes the core strategic and operational obligations for the Union Space Programme, including supporting innovation, ensuring service continuity, exploiting security applications while maintaining a… - REGULATION (EU) 2021/696 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme - Article 77 Space Traffic Management
The Commission is empowered to support Space Traffic Management (STM) activities, including establishing a collision avoidance service, promoting STM standards, and ensuring the safety and sustainability of outer space… - REGULATION (EU) 2021/696 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme - Article 85
This article establishes obligations for the Union Space Programme related to space surveillance and tracking (SSA) to protect space assets and ensure the safety and security of space activities. - Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 on the Union Space Programme and on the establishment of the Union Space Programme Agency, and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1321/2004
Establishes the legal framework for the EU Space Programme, including Galileo, Copernicus, GOVSATCOM, and SST services, and defines the governance, operational responsibilities, and third-party access rules for EUSPA.… - Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council on establishing the Union Space Programme - Article 2 Definitions
This article defines key terms such as 'legal entity' and 'fiduciary entity', establishing the criteria for entities handling data or participating in financial mechanisms under the Union Space Programme. - Regulation (EU) 2021/696 on the Union Space Programme, Article 62: Copernicus Data and Information Policy
This article establishes that Copernicus data and information must be provided on a full, free, and open basis, subject to specific conditions and potential restrictions necessary for the security of the Union or its… - Russian Federation Law No. 5663-1 (About Space Activity) 1993
Russian Federation Law No. 5663-1 (About Space Activity) makes space activity subject to licensing in compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (Article 9). Space facilities of the Russian Federation are… - South Africa National Space Agency Act 2008 (Act No. 36 of 2008) - SANSA and Space Regulatory Framework
The National Space Agency Act 36 of 2008 established the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) as a public entity under the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) with the mandate to promote the peaceful use… - South Africa Space Affairs Act 84 of 1993 - SANSA Launch Authority, Space Object Registration and Liability Framework
The South African Space Affairs Act 84 of 1993 (as amended) established the South African Council for Space Affairs (SACSA) as the competent authority for licensing and regulating space activities launched from or over… - South Korea Space Development Promotion Act 2005 (우주개발진흥법) - National Space Regulatory Framework
South Korea's Space Development Promotion Act (우주개발진흥법, enacted 2005, substantially amended 2022-2023) establishes the legal framework for South Korea's national and commercial space activities. The Act establishes the… - Space Industry Act 2018
The Space Industry Act 2018 establishes a regulatory framework for spaceflight and associated activities in the UK, requiring operator and spaceport licences under Section 8, mandating safety and environmental… - Space Industry Act 2018, Section 3: Operator licence
This section mandates that any person, particularly a UK entity, must obtain an operator licence to operate a spaceport, launch a vehicle, procure a launch, or operate a satellite in orbit. - Space Industry Act 2018, Section 34: Operator's liability for injury or damage
This section establishes a duty for spaceflight operators and their customers to indemnify any third party for injury or damage resulting from their spaceflight activities, regardless of fault. - Spain Space Activities Law 2022 - Ley 26/2022 de 19 de Diciembre sobre Actividades Relacionadas con el Espacio
Ley 26/2022, de 19 de diciembre, sobre actividades relacionadas con el espacio (the Spanish Space Activities Law 2022), published in Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) on 20 December 2022, is Spain's first comprehensive… - Sweden Space Activities Act 1982 (Rymdverksamhetslag 1982:963) - Swedish National Space Regulatory Framework
Sweden's Space Activities Act (Rymdverksamhetslag, SFS 1982:963) is one of the world's oldest national space licensing statutes, enacted in 1982 and applying to space activities carried out by Swedish legal persons or… - The Outer Space Treaty
Organizations must ensure their outer space activities align with the principles, laws, and programs outlined by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, including registration, sustainability, and… - Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies - Article VI
States Parties bear international responsibility for all national activities in outer space, and must authorize and continually supervise the activities of non-governmental entities to ensure conformity with the Treaty. - Turkey National Space Programme 2021 - Türkiye Uzay Ajansı (TUA)
Turkey's 10-year National Space Programme (2021-2031) established by TUA (Türkiye Uzay Ajansı) under Presidential Decree 4/2018 targets a domestically launched lunar mission by 2028, mandates TÜRKSAT 5A/5B commercial… - UAE Federal Law No. 12 of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector
UAE Federal Law No. 12 of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector is the United Arab Emirates' primary space law, establishing the UAE Space Agency as the national space regulator, requiring authorisation for all… - UK Outer Space Act 1986 and Space Industry Act 2018 - CAA Launch Licensing
The Outer Space Act 1986 (c.38) and Space Industry Act 2018 (c.5) together form the UK licensing regime for space activities: the 1986 Act governs UK-established operators launching from overseas; the 2018 Act enables… - UK Outer Space Act 1986 and Space Industry Act 2018 - Satellite Operator Licensing and Third-Party Liability
The UK Outer Space Act 1986 and Space Industry Act 2018 require UK operators to obtain a licence from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) before launching or operating satellites, comply with debris mitigation and… - UK Space Industry Act 2018 - CAA Spaceflight Licensing, Operator Liability and Spaceport Authorisation
The UK Space Industry Act 2018 (c.5) and the Space Industry Regulations 2021 (SI 2021/792) establish the United Kingdom's domestic licensing framework for spaceflight activities, designating the Civil Aviation Authority… - UK Space Industry Act 2018 - Launch Authorisation, Operator Licensing, and Insurance Requirements for Commercial Spaceflight
The UK Space Industry Act 2018 (SIA) establishes the domestic legal framework for regulating commercial spaceflight activities from the United Kingdom, including vertical launches, horizontal launches, and sub-orbital… - UK Space Industry Regulations 2021 - Launch Licensing and Safety Requirements
Any person seeking to carry out spaceflight activities from the UK or operating as a range control service provider must obtain a licence from the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) under the Space Industry Act 2018. The… - Ukraine Law on Space Activities 1996 - National Space Licensing Framework
Ukraine's Law on Space Activities (No. 502/96-VR, 1996, as amended) establishes the State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU) as the national regulator for space activities, creates a licensing regime for space operators… - UN COPUOS Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines - International Debris Framework
The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines (adopted 2007, endorsed by UNGA Resolution 62/217) establish the international consensus framework for debris mitigation:… - US 47 CFR Part 25: Satellite Communications
US 47 CFR Part 25 governs FCC licensing operation and technical requirements for satellite communications including geostationary (GSO) and non-geostationary (NGSO) fixed-satellite service, mobile-satellite service,… - US Commercial Space Launch Act (51 USC ch 509): Launch Licensing, Insurance and Liability
The Commercial Space Launch Act (51 U.S.C. ch. 509) governs the licensing and regulation of commercial space launches, reentries and launch and reentry sites in the United States, administered by the Federal Aviation… - US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 - Title IV Space Resource Rights and Commercial Extraction Framework
Title IV of the US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 (CSLCA, also known as the SPACE Act) affirms the right of US citizens engaged in commercial recovery of asteroid or space resources to own, possess,… - US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 (CSLCA) - Space Resource Rights and Commercial Space Regulatory Reform
The US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (CSLCA, Pub. L. 114-90, enacted 25 November 2015) made three landmark changes to US commercial space law: (1) it extended the regulatory moratorium on FAA regulation of… - US Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR 730-774) CCL Category 9x515 Space Export Controls
The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) administered by the US Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) at 15 CFR Parts 730 to 774 control the export, reexport, and in-country transfer of… - US FAA 14 CFR Part 415 Launch License Policy Review and Approval Process Legacy Framework Now Superseded by Part 450 for New Licenses
14 CFR Part 415 implements the United States Federal Aviation Administration legacy launch license framework governing launches from federal launch sites and non-federal launch sites organised in operative subparts… - US FAA 14 CFR Part 450 Launch and Reentry License Requirements Performance-Based Framework for Commercial Spaceflight Operations
14 CFR Part 450 implements the United States Federal Aviation Administration unified performance-based framework for commercial launch and reentry vehicle licensing organised in 3 subparts covering Subpart A General… - US FAA 14 CFR Part 460 Human Space Flight Requirements Crew Spaceflight Participant Informed Consent and Operator Safety Obligations
14 CFR Part 460 implements the United States Federal Aviation Administration human spaceflight regulations applicable to launch and reentry operators carrying crew or spaceflight participants organised in operative… - US FCC 47 CFR Part 25 Satellite Communications Earth Station and Space Station Licensing Orbital Debris Mitigation and Spectrum Coordination
47 CFR Part 25 implements the United States Federal Communications Commission framework regulating satellite communications including the licensing of earth stations and space stations organised in multiple subparts… - US FCC 5-Year Deorbit Rule (2024) for Orbital Debris Mitigation
The Federal Communications Commission's 5-Year Deorbit Rule shortens the post-mission disposal timeline for satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) from 25 years to 5 years following the end of mission. The rule applies to… - US FCC Part 25 - Satellite Earth Station Licensing, Spectrum Coordination, and NGSO Constellation Authorization
FCC Part 25 rules govern licensing of satellite earth stations and space stations (including NGSO constellations), requiring frequency coordination, power limits, interference protection, technical showings, and… - US FCC Part 25 - Satellite Earth Stations and Space Stations: Licensing Requirements, Orbital Debris Mitigation, and End-of-Life Disposal
Title 47 CFR Part 25 governs FCC licensing of satellite earth stations and space stations (satellites) for US operators. Space station licenses require technical showing of orbital debris mitigation compliance per 47… - US NOAA 15 CFR Part 960 Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems Tier System Conditions and Reporting Requirements
15 CFR Part 960 implements the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs framework licensing operators of private remote sensing space systems organised… - US Space Policy Directive-3 (SPD-3) - National Space Traffic Management Policy 2018
SPD-3 (signed 18 June 2018) designates the US Department of Commerce (DOC) as the lead civil agency for Space Traffic Management (STM), establishes an open-architecture civil Space Situational Awareness (SSA)… - US Space Policy Directive-4 (SPD-4) 2019 - Establishment of the United States Space Force
SPD-4 (signed 19 February 2019) directed the Department of Defense to establish the United States Space Force (USSF) as a separate military service branch. The USSF was formally established on 20 December 2019 by the… - USA Commercial Space Launch Act (51 U.S.C. Chapter 509) - FAA Launch and Reentry Licensing
The US Commercial Space Launch Act (originally 1984, recodified at 51 U.S.C. Chapter 509, significantly amended by the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 and the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018) is the…
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