What Luxembourg Law on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources 2017 (Loi du 20 juillet 2017) requires
Luxembourg's Law of 20 July 2017 was the first European national law to recognise private operators' right to own and commercially exploit space resources extracted from asteroids, the Moon, or other celestial bodies, requiring a government authorisation for each mission and establishing the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA) as regulator. The Law is framed as compatible with the Outer Space Treaty's Article II non-appropriation principle because it grants rights over resources - not territorial sovereignty over celestial bodies.
Pillar: Space & Satellite Law · Authority: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - Loi du 20 juillet 2017 (Mémorial A No. 674), Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA) · Version: 1.0.0 · Last updated:
Primary source: https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo
SHA-256 integrity: f16d4af2918805f7c2a42c4da98fa12115fdab35b20683908a300f2be55c8864
Primary Citations — 7 traced to source
- {"source":"Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l'exploration et l'utilisation des ressources de l'espace, Mémorial A No. 674 (Luxembourg Official Journal)","url":"https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo","relevant_sections":"Art 1 (definition of space resources as mineral or other non-living resources occurring naturally in outer space; private operators may own extracted resources), Art 3 (government authorisation required before any space resource exploration or extraction mission), Art 4 (authorisation conditions: technical capacity, financial soundness, compliance with international law obligations), Art 5 (annual reporting obligation to Minister), Art 6 (authorisation fees and duration), Art 7 (authorisation revocation if conditions no longer met)"}
- {"source":"US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 (SPACE Act), 51 USC 51303 - Property Rights","url":"https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ90/PLAW-114publ90.pdf","relevant_sections":"51 USC 51303: US citizens engaged in commercial recovery of asteroid or space resource are entitled to possess, own, transport, use, and sell the resource in accordance with applicable law - the US precedent law enacted one year before Luxembourg's law"}
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