Competition & Antitrust — 130 Nodes
- 15 U.S. Code § 1 - Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty
Organizations must not enter into any contract, combination, or conspiracy that restrains trade or commerce among the several States or with foreign nations. - 15 U.S. Code § 18 - Acquisition by one corporation of stock of another
Organizations are prohibited from acquiring the stock or assets of another entity where the effect of such an acquisition may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. - 2023 Merger Guidelines
The 2023 DOJ/FTC Horizontal Merger Guidelines establish a framework for identifying mergers that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly under Section 7 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 18). The… - Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade (Amended by Act No. 54 of 2019) - Surcharge Calculation, Leniency and Japan Fair Trade Commission Procedures
The 2019 amendment to Japan’s Antimonopoly Act (AMA) strengthens the Japan Fair Trade Commission’s (JFTC) authority to calculate surcharges for anticompetitive conduct, enhances leniency program transparency, and… - An Act to Amend the Provisions of the Anti-Trust Act Approved July Two, Nineteen Hundred and One, and to Provide for the Enforcement of the Anti-Trust Laws, and for Other Purposes - Section 7: Acquisition of Stock or Assets; Interlocking Directorates
Prohibits mergers and acquisitions where the effect may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly, as defined under Section 7 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. § 18). Applies to any person,… - An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, Sections 1 and 2, prohibits agreements in restraint of trade and monopolization or attempts to monopolize any part of interstate or foreign commerce. It applies to all persons,… - AU Competition and Consumer Act 2010 - Section 46 Misuse of Market Power and Concerted Practices
Section 46 of Australia's Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (as amended by the Competition and Consumer Amendment Act 2017) prohibits corporations with substantial market power from engaging in conduct that has the… - Australia ACCC Informal Merger Review Guidelines 2023 - Market Concentration, Entry Barriers, Counterfactual Analysis and Coordinated Effects Assessment
These guidelines outline the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission’s (ACCC) informal process for assessing proposed mergers under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), focusing on whether a merger would… - Australia Competition and Consumer Act 2010 - ACCC Part IV Cartel Conduct & Merger Control
Australia's Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Part IV criminalises cartel conduct (price-fixing, bid-rigging) and requires ACCC merger review for acquisitions that would substantially lessen competition - maximum… - Brazil Competition Defense Law 2011 (Lei No. 12,529 of 30 November 2011 - Lei de Defesa da Concorrência)
The Lei de Defesa da Concorrência (Competition Defense Law - Law No. 12,529 of 30 November 2011) is Brazil's principal antitrust statute, which restructured Brazil's competition law framework and established the CADE… - Canada Competition Act - Abuse of Dominance in Digital Markets (Sections 78-79)
Sections 78-79 of the Canada Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34) prohibit abuse of dominant position by one or more persons substantially or completely controlling a market. The Competition Bureau has applied these… - Canada Competition Act 1985 (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34) - Antitrust and Consumer Protection
The Canada Competition Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34) promotes and maintains competitive markets in Canada, prohibits anti-competitive practices, and protects consumers from misleading conduct, administered by the… - Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/720 of 31 March 2022 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices
This regulation establishes a safe harbour for vertical agreements between suppliers and distributors where the combined market share of the parties does not exceed 30% in the relevant market, provided that the… - Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/720 of 8 April 2022 on the Application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Categories of Vertical Agreements and Concerted Practices
This regulation establishes a safe harbour for vertical agreements between non-competing undertakings if their combined market share does not exceed 30% at both the supplier and buyer level, under Article 101(3) TFEU.… - Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/720 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices - Article 2: Exemption
This article establishes a block exemption declaring that the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements under Article 101(1) of the TFEU does not apply to vertical agreements, provided they contain vertical restraints… - Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/1315 of 18 July 2023 on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of horizontal cooperation agreements
This regulation establishes a block exemption for certain categories of horizontal cooperation agreements between undertakings that meet specific conditions, ensuring they do not violate Article 101(1) of the TFEU due… - Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/822 of 21 March 2023 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector
This regulation establishes a block exemption for vertical agreements in the motor vehicle aftermarket, ensuring independent repairers and spare parts manufacturers have fair access to technical information, tools, and… - Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2014 of 21 March 2014 on the Application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to Categories of Technology Transfer Agreements
This regulation establishes a safe harbor for technology transfer agreements between competing and non-competing undertakings under EU competition law, provided that the combined market share of the parties does not… - Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2014 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of technology transfer agreements - Article 3
For competing undertakings, a technology transfer agreement exemption applies only if their combined market share on the relevant market(s) does not exceed 20%. - Commission Regulation (EU) No 461/2010 of 27 May 2010 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector, as extended to 31 May 2028 by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/822
This regulation establishes a block exemption for vertical agreements in the motor vehicle sector, including selective distribution and repair & maintenance networks, provided they do not contain hardcore restrictions… - Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 - Deal Value Threshold, Settlement Mechanism, Commitment Process and Leniency Programme Enhancement
The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduces a deal value threshold for merger control requiring notification to the Competition Commission of India (CCI) when the transaction value exceeds INR 2,000 crore,… - Competition Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-34) - Section 78: Definition of anti-competitive act
Organizations must refrain from engaging in any act intended to have a predatory, exclusionary, or disciplinary negative effect on a competitor, or to adversely affect competition, as defined within this section. - Competition Act 1998 - Chapter I: Agreements Preventing, Restricting or Distorting Competition; Chapter II: Abuse of Dominant Position
The Competition Act 1998 prohibits anti-competitive agreements under Chapter I (Section 2) and abuse of a dominant position under Chapter II (Section 18). It applies to all undertakings operating in the UK and empowers… - Competition Act 1998 - Chapter I: Prohibition of Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices; Chapter II: Prohibition of Abuse of Dominant Position
The UK Competition Act 1998, Sections 2(1) and 2(2), prohibits agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices that prevent, restrict, or distort competition within… - Competition Act 2004 - Section 34: Agreements, etc., preventing, restricting or distorting competition
Organizations are prohibited from making or giving effect to agreements, decisions by associations of undertakings, or concerted practices which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction, or distortion… - Competition Act 2004, Part 2: Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore
Organizations must recognize the authority of the Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore, comply with its operational and informational requirements, and adhere to prohibitions regarding the use of its… - Competition Act 89 of 1998: Purpose and Scope
This Act establishes the Competition Commission, Tribunal, and Appeal Court to investigate, control, evaluate, and adjudicate on matters concerning restrictive practices, abuse of a dominant position, and mergers. - Competition Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34 - Abuse of Dominance Provisions as Amended by Bill C-56 (2023) and Bill C-59 (2024)
Prohibits dominant firms from engaging in anti-competitive acts that prevent or lessen competition substantially in a market. Following the Bill C-56 (2023) and Bill C-59 (2024) amendments, administrative monetary… - Competition and Consumer Act 2010
This legislation prohibits anti-competitive practices including cartel conduct, misuse of market power, anti-competitive mergers, and other arrangements that substantially lessen competition in the Australian market. - Competition and Consumer Act 2010 - Part IV Competition Provisions: Cartel Conduct, Misuse of Market Power, Mergers, Exclusive Dealing and ACCC Authorisation and Notification
This regulation prohibits anti-competitive conduct including cartels, misuse of market power, and exclusive dealing arrangements that substantially lessen competition. It applies to corporations and individuals engaged… - Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Part IV - Provisions Relating to Cartels, Misuse of Market Power, Exclusive Dealing, Resale Price Maintenance and Mergers
Prohibits anti-competitive conduct including cartel conduct (Section 45AA), misuse of substantial market power (Section 46), exclusive dealing (Section 47), and resale price maintenance (Section 48). Applies to… - Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 on the Implementation of the Rules on Competition (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU): NCA Powers, Commission Investigation Authority, 10% Worldwide Turnover Fines, European Competition Network, and Burden of Proof for Exemption Claims
Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 (OJ L 1, 4.1.2003, p. 1), effective 1 May 2004, is the cornerstone of EU competition enforcement, replacing Regulation 17/62; it decentralises enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU… - Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 - Article 2: Appraisal of concentrations
Organizations must appraise concentrations falling within the scope of this Regulation to establish their compatibility with the common market, in accordance with the Regulation's objectives and provisions. - Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings
This regulation establishes the EU-wide merger control regime requiring mandatory pre-notification to the European Commission for concentrations exceeding specified turnover thresholds under Article 1. It applies to all… - Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings
This regulation establishes the EU-wide merger control regime requiring mandatory pre-notification of concentrations that meet specified turnover thresholds under Article 4. The European Commission assesses whether such… - Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024
The UK Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 establishes a new pro-competition regime for digital markets by designating firms with Strategic Market Status (SMS) and imposing tailored conduct requirements… - Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 Part 1: Digital Markets
This Part establishes a regulatory framework for digital markets, conferring functions on the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) to designate undertakings with strategic market status and impose conduct… - Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, Part 1, Chapter 1, Section 1: Overview
This Part of the Act confers functions on the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) to regulate competition in digital markets, including designating undertakings, imposing conduct requirements, and enforcing… - Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code
The European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) establishes a harmonized regulatory framework across EU member states for electronic communications markets, requiring national regulatory authorities (NRAs) to assess… - Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union
This Directive establishes a harmonized framework across EU Member States for private enforcement of competition law, requiring national courts to ensure full compensation for harm caused by infringements of EU or… - Enterprise Act 2002 - Merger Control: Substantial Lessening of Competition Test, CMA Phase 1 and 2 Reviews, Remedies and Public Interest Cases
The UK Enterprise Act 2002 requires parties to notify the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) of qualifying mergers that may result in a substantial lessening of competition (SLC) in any market in the UK, under… - Enterprise Act 2002 Part 4: Market Studies and Market Investigations
This regulation establishes the framework for conducting market studies and market investigations in the UK, and notes that this framework is subject to modifications from various other legislative instruments. - EU Article 102 TFEU - Abuse of Dominant Position in Digital Markets
Article 102 TFEU prohibits undertakings holding a dominant position in the EU from abusing that position to restrict competition. The European Commission has applied Art. 102 to digital platform markets including… - EU Chips Act 2023/1781 - Semiconductor Supply Chain Resilience & Crisis Response
Regulation (EU) 2023/1781 (European Chips Act) establishes a framework to strengthen Europe's semiconductor ecosystem, targeting 20% global chip production share by 2030 (from ~8% in 2022) through EUR 43 billion in… - EU Commission Best Practice on Antitrust Compliance Programmes - Commitment of Senior Management, Risk Assessment, Training, Communication, Monitoring and Reporting for Competition Compliance
This regulation outlines best practices for EU antitrust compliance programmes, emphasizing senior management commitment, risk assessment, training, and reporting mechanisms to prevent violations of Article 101 and… - EU Commission Regulation 773/2004 - Antitrust Enforcement Procedures
Commission Regulation (EC) No 773/2004 sets out the procedural rules governing how the European Commission conducts antitrust enforcement proceedings under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. It governs the rights of parties… - EU ECN+ Directive 2019/1 - Empowering National Competition Authorities
Directive (EU) 2019/1 (ECN+ Directive) requires EU Member States to equip their national competition authorities (NCAs) with the independence, resources, and enforcement tools necessary to apply Articles 101 and 102… - EU Merger Regulation 139/2004 - Notification Thresholds, Phase I/II Procedure, and Remedies
EU Council Regulation 139/2004 (ECMR) establishes the one-stop-shop EU merger control regime: concentrations with EU dimension must be notified to the European Commission before completion. EU dimension thresholds: (1)… - EU Merger Regulation 139/2004/EC - European Commission Competition Review
Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (EU Merger Regulation, EUMR) requires mandatory pre-merger notification to the European Commission for concentrations with EU dimension (combined worldwide turnover EUR 5 billion+;… - EU Platform-to-Business (P2B) Regulation 2019/1150 - Terms, Ranking, and Mediation Obligations for Online Intermediation Services
Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 requires online intermediation services (app stores, marketplaces, price comparison sites, social media with commercial functions) and online search engines to provide business users with… - Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act, 2018
The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act, 2018 empowers the FCCPC to prohibit abuse of dominant market position, anti-competitive agreements, and unfair consumer practices in Nigeria. It applies to all firms,… - Federal Trade Commission Act Section 5 - Unfair Methods of Competition in or Affecting Commerce
Prohibits unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, granting the FTC standalone authority to challenge anticompetitive conduct beyond the scope of the Sherman Act. Applies to all persons, partnerships, and… - Germany Act against Restraints of Competition (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen, GWB, as amended by 11th Amendment 2023)
The Act against Restraints of Competition (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen, GWB) is Germany's principal competition law statute, originally enacted in 1957 and substantially modernised through twelve amendments,… - Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 - Pre-Merger Notification Requirements for Mergers and Acquisitions
The Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) Act requires parties to certain large mergers and acquisitions to file premerger notifications with the FTC and DOJ and observe a mandatory waiting period before closing, unless early… - Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 - Premerger Notification and Waiting Period Requirements
Requires parties to certain mergers, acquisitions, and tender offers to file premerger notifications with the FTC and DOJ and observe a mandatory waiting period before closing, if transaction size and party size… - Hong Kong Competition Ordinance (Cap 619)
The Competition Ordinance (Cap 619, Ordinance No. 14 of 2012) is Hong Kong's first cross-sector competition statute. The substantive Conduct Rules came into force on 14 December 2015 (the Competition Commission and… - Hungary Act LVII of 1996 on the Prohibition of Unfair and Restrictive Market Practices (Versenytörvény, Tpvt.)
Act LVII of 1996 on the Prohibition of Unfair and Restrictive Market Practices (Versenytörvény, Tpvt.) is Hungary's principal competition law statute, in force from 1 January 1997 and amended to align with the EU… - ICN Merger Working Group - Recommended Practices for Merger Notification and Review: Notification Triggers, Timing, Substantive Test, Remedies and Coordination Between Jurisdictions
This framework outlines recommended practices for merger notification and review procedures to enhance effectiveness, promote procedural convergence, and reduce costs in multijurisdictional reviews. It applies to… - ICN Recommended Practices for Merger Notification and Review 2023 - Jurisdictional Triggers, Pre-Notification Contacts and Procedure Convergence
This guidance establishes best practices for merger notification and review processes across jurisdictions, focusing on jurisdictional thresholds, pre-notification consultations, procedural transparency, and convergence… - India Competition Act 2002 (Act No. 12 of 2003, as amended by Competition Amendment Act 2023)
The Competition Act 2002 (Act No. 12 of 2003) is India's principal competition law statute, receiving Presidential assent on 13 January 2003 and administered by the Competition Commission of India (CCI), established in… - Ireland Competition Act 2002 (No. 14 of 2002, as amended by Competition (Amendment) Acts 2012 and 2022)
The Competition Act 2002 (No. 14 of 2002) is Ireland's principal competition statute. The Act was in force from 1 July 2002 (commencement order SI 199/2002) and has been materially amended by the Competition (Amendment)… - Italy Legge 287/1990 - Norme per la tutela della concorrenza e del mercato (Italian Antitrust Law)
Legge 10 ottobre 1990 n. 287 (Norme per la tutela della concorrenza e del mercato) is Italy's principal national antitrust statute. The Law is structured in four Titoli: Titolo I covers restrictive agreements, abuse of… - Japan Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade 1947 (Antimonopoly Act, Act No. 54)
The Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade 1947 (Dokusen Kinshi-hō, Act No. 54 of 1947, commonly referred to as the Antimonopoly Act or AMA) is Japan's principal competition law,… - Lei n° 12.529, de 30 de Novembro de 2011 - Estrutura o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência; dispõe sobre a prevenção e repressão às infrações contra a ordem econômica
This law establishes the Brazilian Competition Defense System (SBDC), defining the structure and powers of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), and governs the prevention and repression of… - Merger Assessment Guidelines 2021 - Guidance from the Competition and Markets Authority on the Substantial Lessening of Competition Test and Related Analytical Frameworks
These guidelines set out the UK Competition and Markets Authority’s (CMA) analytical framework for assessing whether a merger results in a substantial lessening of competition (SLC) in any market in the UK, under… - Mexico Federal Economic Competition Law (Ley Federal de Competencia Económica - LFCE) 2014
The Ley Federal de Competencia Económica (LFCE - Federal Economic Competition Law) was published in the Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF) on 23 May 2014, replacing the 1992 LFCE. The law establishes Mexico's… - Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, Act No. 17386, as Amended by Act No. 17386 on December 4, 2020
The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA) prohibits abuse of a market-dominant position, unfair trade practices, and anti-competitive mergers in South Korea. It applies to all enterprises operating in Korea,… - Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, Act No. 17386, as Amended by Act No. 17386 on December 4, 2020 - Partial Amendment Relating to Fair Competition in the Digital Market and Strengthening of Remedies for Unfair Practices
The 2020 revision to Korea’s Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA) strengthens oversight of dominant online platforms and conglomerates (chaebols), prohibits self-preferencing and unfair access denial by… - New Zealand Commerce Act 1986 - Competition Law and Commerce Commission Enforcement
The Commerce Act 1986 prohibits contracts, arrangements, or understandings that substantially lessen competition in a New Zealand market, cartel conduct, and misuse of market power. The Commerce Commission enforces the… - New Zealand Fair Trading Act 1986 - Misleading Conduct and Consumer Information Standards
The Fair Trading Act 1986 prohibits misleading or deceptive conduct in trade, false or misleading representations about goods or services or land or employment, unsubstantiated representations, unfair contract terms in… - Norway Konkurranseloven (Competition Act) LOV-2004-03-05-12
Lov 5. mars 2004 nr. 12 om konkurranse mellom foretak og kontroll med foretakssammenslutninger (Konkurranseloven) is Norway's principal competition statute, in force from 1 May 2004 and modelled on TFEU Articles 101 and… - OECD Competition Assessment Toolkit 2019 - Identifying and Evaluating Competition Restrictions in Laws and Regulations: ROGIL Test, Sectoral Assessments and Policy Recommendations
This toolkit provides a structured methodology for reviewing laws and regulations to identify and assess competition restrictions using the ROGIL framework (Regulatory Objectives, Goals, Impacts, Less restrictive… - OECD Competition Assessment Toolkit Volume 3 2023 - Screening Regulations for Undue Restrictions to Competition in Product and Service Markets
This toolkit provides a structured methodology for governments and competition authorities to identify, assess, and recommend the removal of legal and regulatory barriers that unduly restrict competition in product and… - OECD Policy Note on Algorithmic Collusion 2023 - Autonomous Pricing Algorithms, Hub-and-Spoke Arrangements, Tacit Collusion Detection, Antitrust Liability and Regulatory Responses
This policy note provides guidance for competition authorities on detecting and addressing anticompetitive outcomes arising from autonomous pricing algorithms, including hub-and-spoke liability and tacit collusion… - OECD Recommendation on Fighting Hard Core Cartels 2019 Revision - Effective Cartel Detection, Leniency Programmes, Sanctions and International Cooperation
This OECD Recommendation requires competition authorities to implement robust enforcement mechanisms against hard-core cartels, including effective leniency programmes, deterrent sanctions, and proactive international… - OECD Roundtable on Competition in the Digital Economy: Self-Preferencing, Interoperability Remedies, Data Access Orders and Multi-Homing Restrictions
This OECD roundtable synthesizes emerging competition policy approaches for digital markets, focusing on self-preferencing by dominant platforms, interoperability as a structural remedy, data access orders to enhance… - Regulation (EU) 2018/302 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 February 2018 on addressing unjustified geo-blocking and other forms of discrimination based on customers’ nationality, place of residence or place of establishment within the internal market
Prohibits unjustified geo-blocking and other forms of discrimination based on customers’ nationality, place of residence, or place of establishment when selling goods or providing services within the EU. Applies to… - Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services and online search engines
The EU P2B Regulation 2019/1150 requires online platforms and search engines to provide clear, transparent, and non-discriminatory terms to business users, including disclosure of ranking parameters (Article 6), prior… - Regulation (EU) 2019/452 - EU FDI Screening Framework: Critical Infrastructure and Technology Protection, Member State Cooperation Mechanism, Security and Public Order Grounds, and Mandatory Screening Requirements Under Revised 2024 Regulation
Regulation (EU) 2019/452 (EU FDI Screening Regulation), applicable from 11 October 2020, establishes the first EU-wide framework for Member States to screen foreign direct investments (FDI) on grounds of security and… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 - Digital Markets Act - Article 14: Obligation to inform about concentrations
Gatekeepers must inform the European Commission of any intended concentration where the involved entities provide core platform services or other digital sector services, regardless of standard notification thresholds. - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 2: Definitions
This article defines the term 'gatekeeper' and clarifies the regulation's scope in relation to other EU directives, national competition laws, and the powers of Member States and national authorities. - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 (Digital Markets Act) Article 6: Obligations for gatekeepers susceptible of being further specified under Article 8
Gatekeepers must comply with all obligations specified in Article 6 for each of their core platform services that are listed in the designation decision under Article 3(9). - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council - Article 10: Exemption for grounds of public health and public security
This article establishes a procedure for gatekeepers to request, or for the Commission to grant on its own initiative, a temporary exemption from specific obligations on the grounds of public health or public security. - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council - Article 13: Anti-circumvention
This article requires gatekeepers to prevent circumvention of their obligations under Articles 5, 6, and 7, prohibiting practices like service fragmentation, undermining compliance through design, or degrading services… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council - Article 17: Market investigation for designating gatekeepers
This article outlines the process, timelines, and procedures for the Commission to conduct a market investigation to determine if an undertaking should be designated as a gatekeeper. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 38
This article mandates the Commission and national competent authorities to cooperate closely and exchange information for the purpose of applying this Regulation effectively. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 22: Interim measures
This article empowers the Commission to order interim measures against a gatekeeper in urgent cases to prevent serious and irreparable damage to users, and outlines the procedural requirements for such an order. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 26
This article empowers the Commission to request information and access to data, algorithms, and premises from undertakings to verify compliance with the regulation. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 28
The provided regulatory text does not contain Article 28, so the specific obligations for the compliance officer function could not be extracted and are represented as processing failures. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 30
This regulation addresses unfair practices and weak contestability of core platform services provided by large undertakings designated as gatekeepers to ensure fair economic outcomes in the digital sector. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 33
This article's core compliance obligation concerning the imposition and calculation of periodic penalty payments for non-compliance cannot be extracted as the provided regulatory text does not contain Article 33. - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 7
This article mandates that designated gatekeepers must provide business users with access to data they generate, ensure interoperability with third-party services, and maintain transparency in advertising services to… - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) - Article 8
This article establishes the procedure for a gatekeeper to request a temporary suspension of specific obligations where its economic viability is threatened by exceptional circumstances, or an exemption on grounds of… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on Contestable and Fair Markets in the Digital Sector (Digital Markets Act)
The Digital Markets Act imposes specific obligations on designated 'gatekeepers' - large digital platforms with entrenched and durable market power - to ensure fair and contestable markets in the digital sector. These… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on Contestable and Fair Markets in the Digital Sector (Digital Markets Act)
The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) imposes specific obligations and prohibitions on designated 'gatekeepers' - large digital platforms with entrenched and durable market power - to ensure fair and contestable markets. Key… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 3
Organizations must determine if their services qualify as 'core platform services' by assessing them against the specific definitions provided for services such as online search engines, social networking, and cloud… - REGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 35: Remedies for failure to comply with certain obligations for gatekeepers
This article outlines the European Commission's authority to impose behavioural or structural remedies on a gatekeeper for non-compliance with specific obligations, detailing the conditions and procedures for such… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 5: Obligations for gatekeepers
This article prohibits gatekeepers from processing, combining, or cross-using end-user personal data across different services without obtaining explicit, GDPR-compliant user consent, and limits re-requesting consent to… - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 5: Obligations for gatekeepers
A designated gatekeeper must comply with all obligations outlined in Article 5 for each of its core platform services identified in its designation decision. - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 6: Obligations for gatekeepers susceptible of being further specified under Article 8
This article requires designated gatekeepers to comply with a specific set of obligations for each of their core platform services as listed in their designation decision. - Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act) - Article 8: Compliance with obligations for gatekeepers
Gatekeepers must ensure, demonstrate, and implement effective measures to comply with the obligations in Articles 5, 6, and 7, while also ensuring these measures adhere to other applicable laws like GDPR, ePrivacy, and… - Regulation (EU) 2022/2560 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market in the context of concentrations and public procurement
The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) requires undertakings receiving foreign financial contributions exceeding €4 million over three years from non-EU governments to notify the European Commission of mergers,… - Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2023 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive (EU) 2019/771 (Data Act)
The EU Data Act 2023 establishes mandatory data-sharing obligations for manufacturers and service providers of IoT-connected products and related services, requiring them to provide users and third parties with access… - SG Competition Act 2004 - Anticompetitive Agreements, Abuse of Dominance, and Merger Notifications
Singapore's Competition Act 2004 (Cap. 50B) prohibits agreements that significantly prevent, restrict, or distort competition (Section 34), abuse of dominant position (Section 47), and mergers that substantially lessen… - Singapore Competition Act 2004 (Cap. 50B) - Antitrust and Market Competition
The Competition Act 2004 (Cap. 50B) promotes and maintains competitive markets in Singapore, prohibiting anti-competitive agreements and abuses of dominant position, and administered by the Competition and Consumer… - South Korea Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA - 독점규제 및 공정거래에 관한 법률, Act No. 18661 of 4 January 2022)
The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA - 독점규제 및 공정거래에 관한 법률) is South Korea's principal competition statute, originally enacted as Act No. 3320 on 31 December 1980 and comprehensively reformed by Act No.… - Switzerland Cartel Act 1995 (KG/LCart) - SR 251 Competition Law
The Swiss Cartel Act (Kartellgesetz, KG; SR 251) prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates mergers that significantly impede effective competition in Switzerland,… - The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 - Amendments to The Competition Act, 2002 relating to Deal Value Threshold, Gun-Jumping, Leniency, Settlement, Commitment, and Market Study Powers
The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduces a deal value threshold for merger control, strengthens enforcement against gun-jumping, enhances the leniency programme for cartel members, and establishes formal… - The Competition Act, 2002 - Section 3: Anti-Competitive Agreements and Section 4: Abuse of Dominant Position
Prohibits anti-competitive agreements under Section 3 and abuse of dominant position under Section 4 of the Competition Act, 2002. Applies to enterprises, associations of enterprises, and persons engaged in trade or… - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Article 101: Prohibition of Anti-Competitive Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices
Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices that prevent, restrict, or distort… - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Article 102: Abuse of Dominant Position
Prohibits undertakings in a dominant position within the EU internal market from abusing that position through exploitative or exclusionary practices that distort competition, as defined under Article 102 of the Treaty… - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Article 107: Prohibition of State Aid
Article 107 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibits state aid granted by EU Member States that distorts or threatens to distort competition by favoring certain undertakings or the… - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Articles 107 and 108: Prohibition of State Aid and Procedural Obligations for Notification and Commission Review
Articles 107-108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) prohibit member states from granting selective state aid that distorts competition and affects trade between EU countries, unless authorized… - UK Competition Act 1998 - Chapter 1 Anticompetitive Agreements, Chapter 2 Abuse of Dominance, and CMA Enforcement
UK Competition Act 1998 prohibits agreements that prevent, restrict, or distort competition (Chapter 1) and abuse of dominant position in UK markets (Chapter 2), enforced by the CMA with financial penalties up to 10% of… - UK Competition Act 1998 - Chapter I Prohibition, Chapter II Prohibition, and CMA Enforcement
The Competition Act 1998 (c. 41) is the principal UK legislation prohibiting anti-competitive conduct and abuse of dominant market position. Chapter I (Section 2) prohibits agreements between undertakings, decisions by… - UK Competition Act 1998 - CMA Chapter I & II Prohibitions on Anti-competitive Agreements and Dominance
The UK Competition Act 1998 prohibits anti-competitive agreements between undertakings (Chapter I) and abuse of dominant market position (Chapter II) - enforced by the CMA with fines up to 10% of global turnover and… - UK Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, DMCC - Strategic Market Status Regime and Pro-Competition Interventions, Effective 1 January 2025
Undertakings carrying on digital activities in connection with the United Kingdom may be designated as having Strategic Market Status (SMS) by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) Digital Markets Unit from 1… - UK Subsidy Control Act 2022 - Seven Principles and CMA Subsidy Advice Unit
The Subsidy Control Act 2022 (2022 chapter 23) establishes the United Kingdom's post-Brexit domestic subsidy control regime, replacing the application of EU State aid rules with a UK-specific framework anchored on seven… - United Kingdom Competition and Markets Authority - AI Foundation Models: Initial Review (Launched 4 May 2023; Initial Report 18 September 2023; Update Paper 11 April 2024; Technical Update Report 16 April 2024) - Competition and Consumer Protection Principles for the AI Foundation Model Sector
The UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) AI Foundation Models initial review is the United Kingdom's foundational competition-and-consumer-protection assessment of the foundation-model market. The case (case type… - United States Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 (Title 15 USC Chapter 2 Subchapter I): Federal Trade Commission Established, Section 5 Unfair Methods of Competition and Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices, Additional Powers, False Advertisements, Consumer Review Protection, Online Marketplace Transparency, and Rulemaking
The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, codified at Title 15 of the United States Code, Chapter 2, Subchapter I, is the principal federal statute establishing the Federal Trade Commission and prohibiting unfair… - United States Sherman Antitrust Act (Title 15 USC Chapter 1): Restraint of Trade Prohibition (Section 1), Monopolization Felony (Section 2), Territorial Reach, Court Jurisdiction, Forfeiture of Property in Transit, and Definitions
The Sherman Antitrust Act, codified at Title 15 of the United States Code, Chapter 1 (Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade), is the foundational federal antitrust statute in the United States and is… - US Clayton Act (15 USC ch 1): Price Discrimination, Tying, Mergers and Treble Damages
The Clayton Act of 1914 (15 U.S.C. ch. 1, sections 12 onward) supplements the Sherman Act by prohibiting specific practices whose effect may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly, enforced… - US Clayton Act 1914 - Section 7 Mergers, Section 3 Tying Arrangements, Section 8 Interlocking Directorates, Private Rights of Action and Treble Damages for Antitrust Violations
The Clayton Act prohibits mergers and acquisitions that may substantially lessen competition under §7, bans tying arrangements that restrain trade under §3, and forbids interlocking directorates under §8. It applies to… - US DOJ Corporate Leniency Policy - Amnesty for First-In Cartel Participants: Automatic and Non-Automatic Amnesty, Individual Leniency and Proffer Process
The US Department of Justice Antitrust Division grants full corporate amnesty to the first cartel participant that voluntarily discloses illegal anticompetitive conduct, reports it before an investigation is underway,… - US Federal Trade Commission Act (15 USC ch 2): Unfair Methods of Competition and Unfair or Deceptive Acts
The Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. ch. 2, subchapter I) creates the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and prohibits unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce.… - US FTC Section 5 - Unfair or Deceptive Acts in AI-Powered Digital Advertising and Commerce
Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. § 45) prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce. The FTC has issued specific guidance on AI use in advertising (FTC Guidance 2023) and dark… - US Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act 1976 - FTC/DOJ Pre-Merger Notification
The Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) Act (15 U.S.C. 18a) requires parties to reportable acquisitions to file pre-merger notification with the FTC and DOJ Antitrust Division and observe a waiting period before closing; thresholds… - US Robinson-Patman Act 1936 - Price Discrimination Prohibition: Commodities of Like Grade and Quality, Price Differentials Justification, Brokerage Payments, Promotional Services and Buyer Liability
This regulation prohibits price discrimination between purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality in commerce where the effect may substantially lessen competition or create a monopoly, as defined in 15 U.S.… - US Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 (15 USC 13) - Price Discrimination Prohibition
The Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 amended Section 2 of the Clayton Act to prohibit sellers from discriminating in price between different purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality where the effect may be to… - US Sherman Antitrust Act (15 USC ch 1): Restraint of Trade, Monopolization and Criminal Penalties
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 (15 U.S.C. ch. 1, sections 1 to 7) is the foundational US antitrust statute, enforced by the Department of Justice Antitrust Division and, civilly, through private and government suits.…
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